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- 647,500 km²; land area: 647,500 km²
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- Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
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- Land boundaries: 5,826 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km,
- Pakistan 2,430 km, USSR 2,384 km
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- Coastline: none--landlocked
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- Maritime claims: none--landlocked
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- Disputes: Pashtun question with Pakistan; Baloch question with Iran
- and Pakistan; periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights;
- insurgency with Iranian and Pakistani involvement; traditional tribal
- rivalries
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- Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
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- Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
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- Natural resources: natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites,
- sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
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- Land use: 12% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 46% meadows and
- pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 39% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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- Environment: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains;
- soil degradation, desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution
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- Note: landlocked
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- █ ≡ People ≡ █
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- Population: 15,862,293 (July 1990), growth rate 7.7% (1990)
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- Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1990)
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- Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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- Net migration rate: 51 migrants/1,000 population (1990);
- note--there are flows across the border in both directions, but data are
- fragmentary and unreliable
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- Infant mortality rate: 154 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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- Life expectancy at birth: 47 years male, 46 years female (1990)
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- Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1990)
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- Nationality: noun--Afghan(s); adjective--Afghan
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- Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 12-15% Hazara; minor
- ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others
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- Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 15% Shia Muslim, 11% other
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- Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages
- (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily
- Balochi and Pashai); much bilingualism
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- Literacy: 12%
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- Labor force: 4,980,000; 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry,
- 10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 10.7% services and other
- (1980 est.)
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- Organized labor: some small government-controlled unions
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- █ ≡ Government ≡ █
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- Long-form name: Republic of Afghanistan
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- Type: authoritarian
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- Capital: Kabul
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- Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular--velayat);
- Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah,
- Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol,
- Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar,
- Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika,
- Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol;
- note--there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan)
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- Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK)
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- Constitution: adopted 30 November 1987
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- Legal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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- National holiday: Anniversary of the Saur Revolution, 27 April (1978)
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- Executive branch: president, four vice presidents, prime minister,
- deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
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- Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Meli Shura) consists of
- an upper house or Senate (Sena) and a lower house or House of
- Representatives (Wolasi Jirgah)
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- Judicial branch: Supreme Court
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- Leaders:
- Chief of State and Head of Government--President (Mohammad)
- NAJIBULLAH (Ahmadzai) (since 30 November 1987); Chairman of the Council
- of Ministers Executive Committee Soltan Ali KESHTMAND (since 21
- February 1989); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 May 1990)
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- Political parties and leaders: only party--the People's Democratic
- Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) has two factions--the Parchami faction
- has been in power since December 1979 and members of the deposed Khalqi
- faction continue to hold some important posts mostly in the military and
- Ministry of Interior; nonparty figures hold some posts
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- Suffrage: universal, male ages 15-50
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- Elections:
- Senate--last held NA April 1988 (next to be held April 1991);
- results--PDPA is the only party;
- seats--(192 total, 115 elected) PDPA 115;
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- House of Representatives--last held NA April 1988 (next to be held
- April 1993);
- results--PDPA is the only party;
- seats--(234 total) PDPA 184, 50 seats reserved for opposition
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- Communists: the PDPA claims 200,000 members (1988)
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- Other political or pressure groups: the military and other branches of
- internal security have been rebuilt by the USSR; insurgency continues
- throughout the country; widespread anti-Soviet and antiregime sentiment
- and opposition on religious and political grounds
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- Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
- IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN,
- UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from OIC in January 1980
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- Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires MIAGOL;
- Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
- (202) 234-3770 or 3771; US--Charge d'Affaires (vacant); Embassy
- at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul; telephone 62230 through
- 62235 or 62436; note--US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989
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- Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with the
- national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black and red
- bands similar to the flag of Malawi which is shorter and bears a radiant,
- rising red sun centered in the black band
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- █ ≡ Economy ≡ █
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- Overview: Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked
- country, highly dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock
- raising (sheep and goats). Economic considerations, however, have played
- second fiddle to political and military upheavals, including the nine-year
- Soviet military occupation (ended 15 February 1989) and the continuing
- bloody civil war. Over the past decade, one-third of the population has
- fled the country, with Pakistan sheltering some 3 million refugees
- and Iran perhaps 2 million. Another 1 million have probably
- moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. Large numbers
- of bridges, buildings, and factories have been destroyed or
- damaged by military action or sabotage. Government claims
- to the contrary, gross domestic product almost certainly is
- lower than 10 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital
- and the disruption of trade and transport. Official claims indicate
- that agriculture grew by 0.7% and industry by 3.5% in 1988.
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- GDP: $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0% (1989 est.)
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- Inflation rate (consumer prices): over 50% (1989 est.)
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- Unemployment rate: NA%
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- Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $646.7 million, including capital
- expenditures of $370.2 million (FY87 est.)
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- Exports: $512 million (f.o.b., FY88);
- commodities--natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets,
- wool, cotton, hides, and pelts;
- partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe
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- Imports: $996 million (c.i.f., FY88);
- commodities--food and petroleum products;
- partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe
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- External debt: $1.8 billion (December 1989 est.)
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- Industrial production: growth rate 6.2% (FY89 plan)
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- Electricity: 480,000 kW capacity; 1,470 million kWh produced,
- 100 kWh per capita (1989)
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- Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes,
- fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper
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- Agriculture: largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry;
- cash products--wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton
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- Illicit drugs: an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis
- for the international drug trade; world's second largest opium producer
- (after Burma) and a major source of hashish
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- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $265 million; Western
- (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
- $419 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist
- countries (1970-88), $4.1 billion
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- Currency: afghani (plural--afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls
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- Exchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1--50.6 (fixed rate since
- 1982)
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- Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
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- █ ≡ Communications ≡ █
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- Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (USSR) to
- Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (USSR) to Kheyrabad transshipment
- point on south bank of Amu Darya
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- Highways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km
- bituminous-treated gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and
- tracks
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- Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which
- handles steamers up to about 500 metric tons
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- Pipelines: petroleum, oil, and lubricants pipelines--USSR
- to Bagram and USSR to Shindand; natural gas, 180 km
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- Ports: Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports)
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- Civil air: 2 TU-154, 2 Boeing 727, assorted smaller transports
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- Airports: 38 total, 34 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
- 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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- Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast
- services; television introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; stations--5 AM,
- no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station
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- █ ≡ Defense Forces ≡ █
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- Branches: Armed Forces (Army; Air and Air Defense Forces); Border
- Guard Forces; National Police Force (Sarandoi); Ministry of
- State Security (WAD); Tribal Militia
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- Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,880,124; 2,080,725 fit for
- military service; 168,021 reach military age (22) annually
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- Defense expenditures: 9.1% of GDP (1984)